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Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Agrobacterium tumefaciens attaching itself to a carrot cell
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Alphaproteobacteria
Order: Hyphomicrobiales
Family: Rhizobiaceae
Genus: Agrobacterium
Species:
A. tumefaciens
Binomial name
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
(Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942 (Approved Lists 1980)
Type strain
ATCC 4720[1][2][a]
Synonyms[7][8][2]

Homotypic synonyms

  • Bacterium tumefaciens Smith and Townsend 1907[4]
  • Pseudomonas tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend 1907) Duggar 1909
  • Phytomonas tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend 1907) Bergey et al. 1923
  • Polymonas tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend 1900) Lieske 1928

Heterotypic synonyms

  • Agrobacterium fabacearum Delamuta et al 2020[5] (by ANI)[3]

Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn 1942 (Approved Lists 1980) is NOT a synonym.[2] The two used to be synonimized[6] on the basis of an unjustified type strain change in the Approved Lists of 1980, now reverted.[2]

Agrobacterium tumefaciens[3][2] (also known as Rhizobium radiobacter) is the causal agent of crown gall disease (the formation of tumours) in over 140 species of eudicots. It is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative soil bacterium.[4] Symptoms are caused by the insertion of a small segment of DNA (known as T-DNA, for 'transfer DNA', not to be confused with tRNA that transfers amino acids during protein synthesis), from a plasmid into the plant cell,[9] which is incorporated at a semi-random location into the plant genome. Plant genomes can be engineered by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is an Alphaproteobacterium of the family Rhizobiaceae, which includes the nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts. Unlike the nitrogen-fixing symbionts, tumor-producing Agrobacterium species are pathogenic and do not benefit the plant. The wide variety of plants affected by Agrobacterium makes it of great concern to the agriculture industry.[10]

Economically, A. tumefaciens is a serious pathogen of walnuts, grape vines, stone fruits, nut trees, sugar beets, horse radish, and rhubarb, and the persistent nature of the tumors or galls caused by the disease make it particularly harmful for perennial crops.[11]

Agrobacterium tumefaciens grows optimally at 28 °C (82 °F). The doubling time can range from 2.5–4h depending on the media, culture format, and level of aeration.[12] At temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F), A. tumefaciens begins to experience heat shock which is likely to result in errors in cell division.[12]

  1. ^ Velazquez E, Flores-Felix JD, Sanchez-Juanes F, Igual JM, Peix A (2020). "Strain ATCC 4720T is the authentic type strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which is not a later heterotypic synonym of Agrobacterium radiobacter". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 70 (9): 5172–5176. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004443. PMID 32915125.
  2. ^ a b c d e Arahal DR, Bull CT, Busse HJ, Christensen H, Chuvochina M, Dedysh SN, Fournier PE, Konstantinidis KT, Parker CT, Rossello-Mora R, Ventosa A, Göker M (27 April 2023). "Judicial Opinions 123–127". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 72 (12). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005708. hdl:10261/295959. PMID 36748499. [N.B.: Judicial Opinion 127 assigns the strain ATCC 4720 as the type strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.]
  3. ^ a b c "Taxonomy browser (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  4. ^ a b Smith EF, Townsend CO (April 1907). "A Plant-Tumor of Bacterial Origin". Science. 25 (643): 671–3. Bibcode:1907Sci....25..671S. doi:10.1126/science.25.643.671. PMID 17746161.
  5. ^ Delamuta JR, Scherer AJ, Ribeiro RA, Hungria M (2020). "Genetic diversity of Agrobacterium species isolated from nodules of common bean and soybean in Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador and Mozambique, and description of the new species Agrobacterium fabacearum sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (7): 4233–4244. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004278. ISSN 1466-5034.
  6. ^ Tindall BJ, et al. (Judicial Commission) (2014). "Judicial Opinion No. 94: Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn 1942 has priority over Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942 when the two are treated as members of the same species based on the principle of priority and Rule 23a, Note 1 as applied to the corresponding specific epithets". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 64 (Pt 10): 3590–3592. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.069203-0. PMID 25288664.
  7. ^ Buchanan RE (1965). "Proposal for rejection of the generic name Polymonas Lieske 1928". International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy. 15 (1): 43–44. doi:10.1099/00207713-15-1-43.
  8. ^ Sawada H, Ieki H, Oyaizu H, Matsumoto S (1993). "Proposal for rejection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and revised descriptions for the genus Agrobacterium and for Agrobacterium radiobacter and Agrobacterium rhizogenes". Int J Syst Bacteriol. 43 (4): 694–702. doi:10.1099/00207713-43-4-694. PMID 8240952.
  9. ^ Chilton MD, Drummond MH, Merlo DJ, Sciaky D, Montoya AL, Gordon MP, Nester EW (June 1977). "Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis". Cell. 11 (2): 263–271. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(77)90043-5. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 890735. S2CID 7533482.
  10. ^ Moore LW, Chilton WS, Canfield ML (January 1997). "Diversity of opines and opine-catabolizing bacteria isolated from naturally occurring crown gall tumors". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 63 (1): 201–7. Bibcode:1997ApEnM..63..201M. doi:10.1128/AEM.63.1.201-207.1997. PMC 1389099. PMID 16535484.
  11. ^ "Crown Galls". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  12. ^ a b Morton ER, Fuqua C (February 2012). "Laboratory maintenance of Agrobacterium". Current Protocols in Microbiology. Chapter 1: Unit3D.1. doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mc03d01s24. ISBN 978-0471729259. PMC 3350319. PMID 22307549.


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